在 Jupyter Notebook 中使用更多语言

使用过 Jupyter Notebook 的开发者想必都十分熟悉这种基于 Web 的交互式计算环境，并且喜爱这种可以同时包含代码、文本、公式、图表和富媒体的文件格式吧！Jupyter Notebook 中最流行的程序语言是 Python，但是这不代表其他语言不能在 Jupyter Notebook 中运行，毕竟，这么好的格式怎么能让 Python 独占呢！事实上，只要能安装运行相应的核（Kernel），那么对应语言的代码就能在 Jupyter Notebook 中运行。你可以在这里找到第三方核和它们支持的语言的完整列表，或者在文末查看。

本文主要介绍 R 和 MATLAB 核的安装与使用。

R

在安装任何 R 内核之前，请确保你已经安装了 Jupyter Notebook 和 R，在虚拟环境里安装的请确保在同一虚拟环境里进行后续操作，否则相关程序可能无法正常运行。下面给出了在一台全新的机器上安装内核的步骤，读者若已经部分安装了相关程序可以按需阅读。

安装 Python

在全局 Python 环境下安装

brew install python
export PATH=$PATH:$(brew --prefix python)/libexec/bin
pip install notebook

在虚拟 Python 环境下安装

brew install miniforge
conda init "$(basename "${SHELL}")"
conda create -n kernel python
conda activate kernel
pip install notebook

安装 R 和 R 内核

brew install r

安装完毕后，进入 R 环境，安装 IRkernel。

R

注意启动 R 需要大写，小写的 r 是 shell 内置命令，表示运行上一条命令。

> install.packages('IRkernel')
> IRkernel::installspec()

第一条命令会下载并编译很多包，因此过程可能比较缓慢，耐心等待即可。网络上有些教程可能会用 IRkernel::installspec(user = FALSE) 代替上述第二条命令，不过在我的机器上提示权限不够，个人感觉并不会影响使用。

安装完毕后，就可以在 Jupyter Notebook 中找到 R 的核了。

MATLAB

MATLAB 需要 Python 与之通信，因此机器上除了完整的 MATLAB 以外，还需要安装 Python。截止 R2023a，MATLAB 仍不支持 Python 3.11，所以我们建立一个 Python 3.10 的虚拟环境。这里我们使用 conda 管理虚拟环境，如果读者有其他等效方法也可使用。

conda create -n matlab python=3.10

建立好虚拟环境后，我们激活并安装 MATLAB Engine for Python（由 MathWorks 提供）和 MATLAB Kernel。

conda activate matlab
cd /Applications/MATLAB_R2023a.app/extern/engines/python
pip install .
pip install matlab_kernel

安装完毕后，就可以在 Jupyter Notebook 中找到 MATLAB 的核了。

Jupyter Kernels

以下是一份完整的 Jupyter 内核和支持语言的列表。相应的使用方法点击链接即可访问。

Name	Jupyter/IPython Version	Language(s) Version	3rd party dependencies	Example Notebooks	Notes
GoNB	Jupyter >= 5	Go >= 1.19		Tutorial
Micronaut		Python>=3.7.5, Groovy>3	Micronaut	https://github.com/stainlessai/micronaut-jupyter/blob/master/examples/basic-service/notebooks/use-library.ipynb	Compatible with BeakerX
Agda kernel		2.6.0		https://mybinder.org/v2/gh/lclem/agda-kernel/master?filepath=example/LabImp.ipynb
Dyalog Jupyter Kernel		APL (Dyalog)	Dyalog >= 15.0	Notebooks	Can also be run on TryAPL’s Learn tab
Coarray-Fortran	Jupyter 4.0	Fortran 2008/2015	GFortran >= 7.1, OpenCoarrays, MPICH >= 3.2	Demo, Binder demo	Docker image
LFortran				Binder demo	Main repository at GitLab
Ansible Jupyter Kernel	Jupyter 5.6.0.dev0	Ansible 2.x		Hello World
sparkmagic	Jupyter >=4.0	Pyspark (Python 2 & 3), Spark (Scala), SparkR ®	Livy	Notebooks, Docker Images	This kernels are implemented via the magics machinery of the ipython kernel to use Spark via Livy
sas_kernel	Jupyter 4.0	python >= 3.3	SAS 9.4 or higher
IPyKernel	Jupyter 4.0	python 2.7, >= 3.3	pyzmq
IJulia		julia >= 0.3
IHaskell		ghc >= 7.6			Demo
IRuby		ruby >= 2.3
tslab		Typescript 3.7.2, JavaScript ESNext	Node.js	Example notebooks	Jupyter kernel for JavaScript and TypeScript - npm
IJavascript		nodejs >= 0.10
ITypeScript		Typescript >= 2.0	Node.js >= 0.10.0
jpCoffeescript		coffeescript >= 1.7
jp-LiveScript		livescript >= 1.5			Based on IJavascript and jpCoffeescript
Juka	Jupyter 4	Any	Juka	Example	Wrapper. Requires Juka executable in PATH
ICSharp	Jupyter 4.0	C# 4.0+	scriptcs
IRKernel	IPython 3.0	R 3.2	rzmq
SageMath	Jupyter 4	Any	many
pari_jupyter	Jupyter 4	PARI/GP >= 2.9
IFSharp	Jupyter 4	F#		Features
lgo	Jupyter >= 4, JupyterLab	Go >= 1.8	ZeroMQ (4.x)	Example	Docker image
iGalileo	Jupyter >= 4, JupyterLab	Galileo >= 0.1.3			Docker image
gopherlab	Jupyter 4.1, JupyterLab	Go >= 1.6	ZeroMQ (4.x)	examples	Deprecated, use gophernotes
Gophernotes	Jupyter 4, JupyterLab, nteract	Go >= 1.9	ZeroMQ 4.x.x	examples	docker image
IGo		Go >= 1.4			Unmaintained, use gophernotes
IScala		Scala
almond (old name: Jupyter-scala)	IPython>=3.0	Scala>=2.10		examples	Docs
IErlang	IPython 2.3	Erlang	rebar
ITorch	IPython >= 2.2 and <= 5.x	Torch 7 (LuaJIT)
IElixir	Jupyter >= 4.0	Elixir >= 1.5	Erlang OTP >= 19.3, Rebar	example, Boyle package manager examples, Boyle examples with usage of Matrex library	IElixir Docker image, IElixir Notebook in Docker
ierl	Jupyter >= 4.0	Erlang >= 19, Elixir >= 1.4, LFE 1.2	Erlang, (optional) Elixir
IAldor	IPython >= 1	Aldor
IOCaml	IPython >= 1.1	OCaml >= 4.01	opam
OCaml-Jupyter	Jupyter >= 4.0	OCaml >= 4.02	opam	Example	Docker image
IForth	IPython >= 3	Forth
peforth	IPython 6/Jupyter 5	Forth		Example	python debugger in FORTH syntax
IPerl		Perl 5
Perl6	Jupyter >= 4	Perl 6.c	zeromq 4
IPerl6		Perl 6
Jupyter-Perl6	Jupyter	Perl 6.C	Rakudo Perl 6
IPHP	IPython >= 2	PHP >= 5.4	composer		DEPRECATED, use Jupyter-PHP
Jupyter-PHP	Jupyter 4.0	PHP >= 7.0.0	composer, php-zmq
IOctave	Jupyter	Octave		Example	MetaKernel
IScilab	Jupyter	Scilab		Example	MetaKernel
MATLAB Kernel	Jupyter	Matlab	pymatbridge	Example	MetaKernel
Bash	IPython >= 3	bash			Wrapper
Z shell	IPython >= 3	zsh >= 5.3		Example
Pharo Smalltalk	IPython >= 3	Mac Os X		Binder demo	Paro 64 bits native kernel, zeromq
PowerShell	IPython >= 3	Windows			Wrapper, Based on Bash Kernel
CloJupyter	Jupyter	Clojure >= 1.7
CLJ-Jupyter	Jupyter	Clojure			Abandoned as of 2017-02-12
jupyter-kernel-jsr223	Jupyter>=4.0	Clojure 1.8	clojure-jrs223, Java>=7		Java based JSR223 compliant
Hy Kernel	Jupyter	Hy		Tutorial	treats Hy as Python pre-processor
Calysto Hy	Jupyter	Hy		Tutorial	based on MetaKernel (magics, shell, parallel, etc.)
Redis Kernel	IPython >= 3	redis			Wrapper
jove		io.js
jp-babel	Jupyter	Babel
ICalico	IPython >= 2	multiple		Index
IMathics		Mathics
IWolfram		Wolfram Mathematica	Wolfram Mathematica®, Metakernel		MetaKernel
Lua Kernel		Lua
IPurescript		Purescript
IPyLua		Lua			Fork of Lua Kernel
ILua		Lua
Calysto Scheme		Scheme		Reference Guide	MetaKernel
Calysto Processing		Processing.js >= 2			MetaKernel
idl_kernel		IDL			IDL seem to have a built-in kernel starting with version 8.5
Mochi Kernel		Mochi
Lua (used in Splash)		Lua
Apache Toree (formerly Spark Kernel)	Jupyter	Scala, Python, R	Spark >= 1.5	Example
Skulpt Python Kernel		Skulpt Python		Examples	MetaKernel
Calysto Bash		bash			MetaKernel
MetaKernel Python		python			MetaKernel
IVisual		VPython		Ball-in-Box
IBrainfuck		Brainfuck		Example	Wrapper
JupyterQ (KX Official Kernel)	Jupyter		kdb+ ≥ v3.5 64-bit, Python ≥ 3.6, embedPy	Notebook Examples
KDB+/Q Kernel (IKdbQ)	IPython >= 3.1	Q	qzmq, qcrypt
KDB+/Q Kernel (KdbQ Kernel)	Jupyter	Q
PyQ Kernel	Jupyter	Q		Python for kdb+
ICryptol		Cryptol	CVC4
cling	Jupyter 4	C++		Example
xeus-cling	Jupyter >= 5.1	C++		Example	Supports Jupyter widgets
Xonsh		Xonsh		Example	MetaKernel
Prolog		Prolog			MetaKernel
SWI-Prolog	Jupyter >=4.0	SWI-Prolog			https://hub.docker.com/r/jm1337/jupyter-prolog-notebook/
common-lisp-jupyter	Jupyter	Common Lisp	Quicklisp	About
Maxima-Jupyter	Jupyter	Maxima	Quicklisp
ielisp	Jupyter	Emacs Lisp	emacs-zmq
Calysto LC3					Assembly Language for the Little Computer 3
Yacas		YACAS
IJython		Jython 2.7
ROOT	Jupyter	C++/python	ROOT >= 6.05
Gnuplot Kernel		Gnuplot		Example	MetaKernel
Tcl	Jupyter	Tcl 8.5			Based on Bash Kernel
Tcl	Jupyter	Tcl 8.6		Binder demo	Written from scratch with a patched Tcl zmq binding
J	Jupyter Notebook/Lab	J 805-807 (J901beta)		Examples
Jython	Jupyter>=4.0	Jython>=2.7.0	Java>=7		Java based JSR223 compliant
C	Jupyter	C	gcc
jupyterC	Jupyter	C	gcc>=3.0		Supports C89 to C17, Built for teaching C
TaQL	Jupyter	TaQL	python-casacore	TaQL tutorial
Coconut	Jupyter	Coconut
SPARQL	Jupyter 4	Python 2.7 or >=3.4	rdflib, SPARQLWrapper	Examples	Optional GraphViz dependency
AIML chatbot	Jupyter 4	Python 2.7	pyAIML	Examples
IArm	Jupyter 4	ARMv6 THUMB		Examples	Based off of the ARM Cortex M0+ CPU
SoS	Jupyter 4	Python >=3.4	Support kernels for bash, python2/3, matlab/octabe, javascript, julia, R, Stata, SAS, and more	Examples	Workflow system, Multi-Kernel support
jupyter-nodejs	Jupyter, iPython 3.x	NodeJS, Babel, Clojurescript		Examples
Pike	IPython >= 3	Pike >= 7.8			Wrapper, Based on Bash Kernel
imatlab	ipykernel >= 4.1	MATLAB >= 2016b
jupyter-kotlin	Jupyter	Kotlin 1.4.20-dev-*** DEV	Java >= 8		Samples
jupyter_kernel_singular	Jupyter	Singular 4.1.0		Demo	Optional PySingular for better performance, surf for images, details
spylon-kernel	ipykernel >=4.5	python >= 3.5, scala >= 2.11	Apache Spark >=2.0	Example	MetaKernel
mit-scheme-kernel	Jupyter 4.0	MIT Scheme 9.2
elm-kernel	Jupyter			Examples
Isbt	Jupyter 4.3.0	sbt >= 1.0.0	sbt	example
BeakerX			Groovy, Java, Scala, Clojure, Kotlin, SQL	example	docker image
MicroPython	Jupyter	ESP8266/ESP32	USB or Webrepl	developer notebooks	relies on the micro-controller’s paste-mode
IJava	Jupyter	Java 9	Java JDK >= 9	Binder online demo	Based on the new JShell tool
Guile	Jupyter 5.2	Guile 2.0.12	guile-json, openssl
circuitpython_kernel	Jupyter	CircuitPython	USB	Examples
stata_kernel	Jupyter >=5	Stata	Stata >=14		Communicates natively with Stata
iPyStata	Jupyter	Stata	Stata	Example Notebook	Implemented using magics machinery of ipython.
pystata-kernel		Stata >= 17			Communicates with Stata through the pystata official Python bindings
nbstata	Jupyter >= 5.2	Stata >= 17	pystata, ipydatagrid	stata_kernel example
IRacket	IPython >= 3	Racket >= 6.10	Racket, ZeroMQ	Example
jupyter-dot-kernel	Jupyter >= 4.0	dot/graphviz	graphviz version 2.40.1
Teradata SQL kernel and extensions	JupyterLab >= 3.0	SQL		Example Notebooks
HiveQL Kernel	Jupyter >= 5	HiveQL	pyhive		Display HiveQL queries in HTML tables
EvCxR Jupyter Kernel	Jupyter 4, JupyterLab, nteract	Rust >= 1.29.2	ZeroMQ 4.x.x	Examples, Binder online demo
StuPyd Kernel	Jupyter >= 4	StuPyd Programming Language	Python3, antlr4-python3-runtime >= 4.7.1	nbviewer demo
coq_jupyter	Jupyter 5	Coq	coq	Binder online demo
Cadabra2	Jupyter 5	Cadabra2		Example notebook
iMongo		MongoDB
jupyter_kernel_chapel	Jupyter	Chapel
A Jupyter kernel for Vim script	Jupyter	Vim script
SSH Kernel	Jupyter	Bash	paramiko, metakernel	Examples	A Jupyter kernel specialized in executing commands remotely with paramiko SSH client.
GAP Kernel	Jupyter	GAP >= 4.10		Binder demo	A Jupyter kernel for the computational algebra system GAP.
Wolfram Language for Jupyter		Wolfram Engine, i.e., a Wolfram Desktop or Mathematica installation; wolframscript is optional but recommended			A Jupyter kernel for the Wolfram Language (Mathematica).
GrADS kernel		GrADS >= 2.0
Bacatá	Jupyter	Java & Rascal	ZeroMQ & Rascal	Example	A Jupyter kernel generator for domain-specific languages.
nelu-kernelu	Jupyter	NodeJs 12	NodeJs 12.3+	Examples	An advanced NodeJs Jupyter kernel supporting comms and displays among other things.
IPolyglot	Jupyter	JavaScript, Ruby, Python, R, and more	GraalVM	Example Polyglot Notebook	Dockerfile
Emu86 Kernel	Jupyter	Intel Assembly Language		Introduction to Intel Assembly Language Tutorial
Common Workflow Language (CWL) Kernel		v1.1		examples directory
MIPS Jupyter Kernel	Jupyter	MIPS32 Assembly Language	Python3, SPIM	Example	Driven by Python3 and Pexpect
iTTS		Natural languages	speech-dispatcher	Example	Currently cannot output sound into files or blobs because of limitations of speech-dispatcher
xeus-clickhouse		ClickHouse SQL	xeus	Example
IQSharp	Jupyter 4	Q#		QuantumKatas
.Net Interactive	Jupyter 4	C#, F#, Powershell	.Net Core SDK	Binder Examples
mariadb_kernel	Jupyter Notebook/Lab	SQL	Internal Dependencies, MariaDB Server	Binder notebook	A Jupyter kernel for the MariaDB Open Source database
ISetlX	Jupyter	SetlX		Example
Ganymede	Jupyter >= 4.0	Java 11+, Groovy, Javascript, Kotlin, Scala, Apache Spark, and more	JShell, Apache Maven Resolver	Examples
cqljupyter	Jupyter	Cassandra CQL		CQL Examples
iclingo	IPython 8	clingo	clingo	Basic Examples
ICrystal	Jupyter	Crystal	IRC
crystal_kernel	Jupyter	Crystal			Python wrapper kernel Crystal interpreter
idg	Jupyter	Dg (Doge)		Example Notebooks
Whitenote	Jupyter>=5	Whitespace 0.1	Go>=1.19	example.ipynb	Docker image